meiguoguojiabiaozhunyujishuyanjiuyuandegudingzhangduguangxuexiezhenqiangshiceliangyalidexinshouduan。tupianlaiyuan：nist

jiliangxuelingyudegemingzhengzaijiasu。ji2019nian5yueguojijiliangxuedahuitongguoleqiyongxinxiudingguojidanweizhi（si）dejueyihou，jiliangxuejiayouyoulexindefendoumubiao：yali。meiguoyanjiurenyuanxianyikaifachudingyiyalijiqiyanshengsidanweidexinfangfa。yalidanweipasikajiyugongdeceliangfangfazi1643nianqiyizhiyanyongzhijin。xindefangfahuoxuzaiyinianneiwanchengtidai。

danweimianjishoudaodelitongchangbeidingyiweiyali，1pasikaxiangdangyumeipingfangmishoudao1niudundeli。yiwangduipasikadeceliangshitongguoyizhongjiyugongyuansudeqiyazhicedingshebei。malilanzhoumeiguoguojiabiaozhunyujishuyanjiuyuan（nist）yongyoushijieshangweishubuduodezuijingqueyalijizhiyi，zuoweiqitayalichuanganqidexiaozhunjizhun。

亚博APP danxianzai，nistdeyanjiuzhekaifalelingyitaogaojingdudeyaliceliangfangfa，gaifangfadejibenyuanlishijiangyalishizuonengliangmidu，jidanweitijineibaohandenengliang。nengliangmiduzheiyidanweiyecongsidaochu。

xinfangfayongguangjinxinggenggaojingdudeyaliceliang，shebeishiyouqitihezhenkongtongdaozuchengdeguangxuexiezhenqiang，tongguotanceqizhongdeqitiyuanziyiquedingyali。yanjiutuanduixiwangzaimingniankeyizhengminggaishebeidezhunquexingyuyalijixiangpimei，binggulishiyanshijiangzheiyishebeizuoweicedingbiaozhun。

亚博APP ruozheiyishouduanbeijiliangjieguangfanrenke，yiweizheduigongyuansudexuqiujiangjianshao。gongjuyouduxingqiezaiguojishangkenengmianlinxianzhi。ciwai，xinjishutongguoziranjibenchangshuzhijieceliangyali，yiweizhekexuejiakeyizaibuyilaiyalijiceliangdeqitaliang（rumidu）deqingkuangxiadechu1pasikadeshuzhi。

亚博APP lilunshangjiang，xindefangfakeyirangrenherendouyoujihuiliyongjibenyuanliceliangyali，erwuxufansuodegongzuo，zhongguokexueyuanlihuajishuyanjiusuozhenggaojigongchengshigaobobiaoshi，qituanduizhengzaiyanjiujidiwendudeceliangfangfa。

gaijinkongjian

zhangqiyilai，jiliangxuejiayizhizainulirangyalijideceliangjieguogengzhunque。zuichudeyalijikezhuisudaoyidaliwulixuejiaevangelista torricellizai1643nianfamingdeshuiyinyaliji。

xiandaibandeyalijibaohanlianggengongzhu，tongguopinghengyaliyugongdezhongliangchanshengdelijinxingceliang。yalicedingdezhongyaoyijushigongyangbendemidu，dandedaogengjingquedemiduzhishiyanjiuzheyizhinulideshiqing。

亚博APP nistjiliangxuejiajay hendricksbiaoshi，xianyoudeyalibiaoyijingdadaolejingdujixian，erxindeyaliceliangfangfahaiyouhendatishengkongjian。

cicinisttichudexinxingyalichuanganqi，zhunquedemingzijiaogudingzhangduguangxuexiezhenqiang（floc）。tanenggouduitongguochongqiqiangdejiguangsuduhezhenkongzhongxiangtongguangshudesudujinxingbijiao。guangsuhuisuiqitimidudebianhuaerbianhua，liangzihuaxuejiakeyigenjuyuanzidexingzhijiayijisuan。

亚博APP zaiwentaidewenduxitongzhong，jiliangxuejiakeyijiangzheixiemiduceliangjieguo（moniqiangneikelishuliang）yumoerzimanchangshujiehe，houzhejiangwenduyudongnenglianxiqilai，congerjisuanchuqitide“nengliangmidu”，jiyali。

hendricksyong“gancuililuo”xingrongzheizhongfangfa，yinweitazhiyongliangzijisuanheziranjibenchangshujisuanqiangneiqitikelideshuliang，congerdedaoyaliceliangjieguo。“benzhishangjiang，womenyou‘lianghua’deyali，”tabiaoshi，“zheishixinyidaiguojidanweizhidejingshen，xianzaizheixiejibendanweidouyujibenwulichangshuguagou，erbushitongguoqitarenyiyinyongdeduixiang。congjiliangxuedejiaodukan，zheishizaishitaibangle。”

gaobobiaoshi，nistdexinyidaiyaliceliangjishuyouhendaqianli，danhaiyouyixiewentixuyaojiejue，biruqitizhongdezazhijiangduiceliangjieguoyijishiyanguochengchanshengzenyangdeyingxiang，yijiruhetichuzheizhongyingxiang。hendricksbiaoshi，zhenduimouxietedingqingkuangdeyaliceliang，flockezaiyinianneiweichengweichubudegongyeceliangbiaozhunzuohaoyouhuazhunbei。

yanjiutuanduibiaoshi，flocdeceliangjieguozaizhengchangdaqiyaxiadebuquedingxingweibaiwanfenzhiliu，zheijihuyugongqiyajijingduxiangdang，buquedingxingzuidikedabaiwanfenzhisan。zaiceliangjiaodiyalishi，qibuquedingxingshigongyalijide1/3。yingguoguojiawulishiyanshi（npl）jiliangxuejiastuart davidsoncheng，zheixianggongzuolingren“yinxiangshenke”。

biangequdongli

danduiqitaguojiadejiliangxuejialaishuo，shuofutamencaiyongflocweiceliangbiaozhunrengxushiri。nistjiangshouxianzhiliyucaiyongflocweiqizhuyaodeceliangbiaozhun。weici，nistjianggongbuxinjiufangfaceliangchudejieguobingjinxingbijiao，tongshijinxingneibushencha。gaijieguoyizaiguojidulianghengweiyuanhuideyigefushujigoudejianduxiadedaolequeren。

亚博APP zhihouweilehuodeguanfangrenke，quebaoflocjieguozhunque，nistxuxiangtongyijigoutichushenqing，jianggaishebeiyudeguobulunruikejiliangyanjiusuochuantongyalijideceliangjieguojinxingbijiao。

weilerangxindeceliangfangfagengguangfandiweirenjieshou，jiliangxuejiakenenghaixuyaokandaolingyigeshiyanshifuzhichudiergefloc，binghuodetongyangdeceliangjieguo。qitaguojiadeceliangshiyanshizhengzaizhiliyukaifaxiangtongshebei，danhaixushiri。

亚博APP davidsonbiaoshi，duiyuxindeceliangshebeilaishuo，qizhunquexingherenmenduiqidexinrenduxuyaozhangshijiangoujian。

lilunshangjiang，youyusijibendanweixianzaishiyongchangshudingyide，suoyiyidanyoukefuzhide、zhenmideceliangjishujiangyalideshuliangyuchanglianglianxizaiyiqi，zheiyangdeceliangfangshishiyinggaibeijieshoude。

genjuzheixiedingyi，flocjiangchengweidingyiyalideyizhongfangshi，danzaishijianzhong，meirenzhidaoguojishehuizaijieshouxinfangfaqianxuyaoduoshaozhengjulaizhengming，“zheikenengjiushiyigexianli”。davidsonbiaoshi。

亚博APP yucitongshi，nisttuanduizhengzaikaifajiyuflocyuanxingdebianxiebanben，yibianzaigongyezhongshixiangengjingquedeceliang。zheijiangduibandaotixinpian、feijizhizaoyedengxingyechanshengzhongyaoyingxiang。birujingmideyalicelianghuibangzhufeijijianshaoranliaoxiaohao。

gaituanduihaizaidiaozhengxiangyingdefangfa，yibianrangxindefangfashiyongyugenggaodeyalihuanjing。muqianceliangjiaogaoyalihuanjingdezhunqueshouduanzhiyishihuosaishiyaliji。

npljiliangxuejiamichael de podestabiaoshi，nisttuichudexinfangfadeyoushibujinjinzaiyushiyongxing，erqiekeyiconggenbenshangtuidongkexuefazhan。“jiuxiangtigaotuxiangfenbianlvyiyang，dangrenmennenggengzhunquediceliangyalishi，jiunenggengqingchudikanshijie。zheijiuxiangyifutupian，zaigoujianchuxiangyingdeguanceshebeizhiqian，nibuzhidaozijihuikandaoshenme。”（renfangyan）